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Critical Thinking
Philosophy and
Phil 1301:
Description
This class is an introduction to the central topics of philosophy: logic, knowledge, mind-body relation, moral freedom, and God. In addition to learning what distinguishes philosophy from other disciplines and what makes philosophy worthwhile, here you will develop the skills needed to think analytically and charitably about the central questions of these topics. What is an argument? What makes for a successful argument? What are some effective tools for assessing whether the reasons provided for a claim adequately support that claim? What is knowledge? Is knowledge possible? Does knowledge come from reason or experience? What is free will? Do humans have free will? Is free will compatible with determinism? Are mind and body identical? Are they different entities entirely? Is the mind-body relation like that between software and hardware? What is the nature of God? Does God exist? Is God’s existence compatible with the extreme suffering of innocent creatures? The goal of this course, in effect, is for you (1) to understand the merits and resourcefulness of the various positions on these and related questions, (2) to develop arguments for positions while accommodating the insights of competing positions, (3) to consider objections to your arguments, and (4) to formulate replies to those objections.
Learning Outcomes
• Acquaintance with common rules of inference (modus ponens, modus tollens, hypothetical syllogism, and so on), the basic concepts of argument evaluation (valid, sound, deductive, and so on), and the basic concepts of philosophy (a priori, a posteriori, teleology, and so on).
• Understanding of (1) philosophy and its relation to other areas of inquiry, (2) the central topics of philosophy, (3) the central questions involved in these topics, (4) the main competing views on such questions, (5) the main arguments for such views, and (6) the strengths and weaknesses of such views and arguments.
• Appreciation of the relevance that many philosophical problems may have for each other. For example, what bearing questions concerning God have on questions concerning knowledge.
• Insight into the philosophical methods employed by contemporary analytic philosophers.
• Familiarity with the main factors for deciding between metaphysical positions: parsimony, explanatory power, predictive power, commonsensicality, and so on.
• Awareness of philosophy as a discipline interesting to study in its own right, not just for the sake of improving one’s power to think analytically, critically, creatively, and charitably.
• Preparation for (1) courses probing deeper into the topics surveyed here, (2) entrance exams to graduate or professional school (LSAT, GRE, MCAT), (3) careers where reasoning skills are prerequisite for success, and (4) responsible and intelligent participation in community affairs.
Daily Discussion Questions
Philosophy Day 1: Intro to the course
What are the goals for the course?
How do you succeed in the course?
How will grades be evaluated?
What is philosophy?
Philosophy Day 2: What is philosophy?
What is philosophy (continued)?
What are some misconceptions about philosophy?
What are the branches of philosophy?
Logic Day 1: Deductive Logic #1
What are the basic concepts of logic: premises, conclusion, argument, statements, validity, logical possibility, deduction, induction?
Logic Day 2: Deductive Logic #2
What is a sound argument and how does it differ from an unsound argument?
Logic Day 3: Deductive Logic #3
What are some of the most common valid argument forms?
What is the famous forms method for assessing deductive arguments and what are its limitations?
Logic Day 4: Deductive Logic #4
What are some of the most common invalid argument forms?
What is the counterexample method for assessing deductive arguments and what are its limitations?
Logic Day 5: Inductive Logic
What are the basic concepts of inductive logic: strong argument, weak argument, cogent argument, uncogent argument?
What are some of the most common inductive argument forms and what makes for successful substitution instances of those forms?
Logic Day 6: Logic Test Review
Knowledge Day 1: Traditional Definition of Knowledge
How does propositional knowledge differ from other forms of knowledge?
How does a real definition of a concept differ from a lexical definition of a concept?
How does one go about finding the real definition of a concept?
What is the traditional definition of knowledge and why does it seem to be a real definition?
What is Gettier’s challenge to the traditional definition of knowledge
Knowledge Day 2: Response to Gettier and Skepticism #1
What is the infallibilist response to the Gettier problem and what drawbacks does it have?
What is the defeasibility response to the Gettier problem and what drawbacks does it have?
What is the truth-tracking response to the Gettier problem?
What is the difference between global skepticism and local skepticism?
What are some objections to global skepticism? Are they effectual?
What is the argument from ignorance and what is the rationale behind its premises?
Knowledge Day 3: Skepticism #2
What is the Moorean solution to the argument from ignorance and does it work?
What is the Contextualist solution to the argument from ignorance and does it work?
What is the Truth-Tracking solution to the argument from ignorance and does it work?
Why do most philosophers agree that, even if the argument from ignorance is sound, global skepticism would not follow?
What are the three main strategies to deal with skepticism’s onslaught and how does Descartes carry out one of these strategies?
Why does it seem reasonable to lower the standard of justification down from the evil-demon standard?
Knowledge Day 4: Empiricism #1
What is empiricism?
What makes empiricism attractive as a theory of justification?
What is the theories-of-perception problem for empiricism?
What would be the problem with empiricism adopting naïve realism as its theory of perception?
What would be the problem with empiricism adopting sophisticated realism as its theory of perception?
Knowledge Day 5: Empiricism #2
What would be the problem with empiricism adopting idealism as its theory of perception?
What is the so-called “problem of induction” that empiricism faces?
Knowledge Day 6: Rationalism
What is rationalism?
What makes rationalism attractive as a theory of justification?
What are the main problems for rationalism and how might rationalism respond?
Mind-Body Problem Day 1: Options in the Debate
What is the mind-body problem?
Why is the mind-body problem even considered a problem?
What are the main options in the debate?
What are main forms of dualism and what are the main forms of antidualism?
Mind-Body Day 2: Problems for Dualistic Interactionism #1
Why does it seem that mental-material interaction is impossible if dualistic interactionism is true, and what are some ways that dualistic interactionism might respond to such a problem?
Why does it seem that dualistic interactionism violates the principle of the conservation of energy, and what are some of the ways that dualistic interactionism might respond?
Mind-Body Day 3: Problems for Dualistic Interactionism #2
Why does it seem that the role of the mental in bringing about material happenings is superfluous on dualistic interactionism if physical determinism is true, and how might dualistic interactionism deny this?
Why does it seem that the role of the mental in bringing about material happenings is superfluous on dualistic interactionism if physical determinism is false, and how might dualistic interactionism deny this?
Mind-Body Day 4: Noneliminative Materialism #1
What are the main forms of materialism and how do they differ from one another?
What are the main forms of reductive materialism and how do they differ from one another?
What is identity theory, what are some problems that it faces, and how might identity theory respond?
What is behaviorism, what are some problems that it faces, and how might behaviorism respond?
What is functionalism?
Mind-Body Day 5: Noneliminative and Eliminative Materialism
What are the problems that functionalism faces and how might functionalism respond?
Why does it seem that all forms of reductive materialism fail to account for qualia, and how might reductive materialism respond?
What is nonreductive materialism and what problem does it face?
What is eliminative materialism and what problem does it face?
Mind-Body Day 6: Panpsychism
What is panpsychism?
What makes panpsychism attractive?
What problems does panpsychism face?
Moral Freedom Day 1: Hard Chronological Determinism
What is freedom?
What is determinism?
What is the rationale for each premise of the argument for Hard Chronological Determinism?
Moral Freedom Day 2: Compatibilism
What is compatibilism and how does it respond to the HCD argument?
What are the main arguments for compatibilism?
What is the difference between the main types of compatibilism?
What problems does compatibilism face?
Moral Freedom Day 3: Incompatibilism
What is incompatibilism?
What is the main argument for incompatibilism?
What is the difference between the two versions of the consequence argument?
What are the main problems that incompatibilism faces?
Moral Freedom Day 4: Libertarianism
What is libertarianism and how does it respond to the HCD argument?
What is the difference between simple libertarianism and decision libertarianism?
What are the main problems that these two forms of libertarianism face?
What is agent libertarianism and how does it differ from the two previous forms?
What are the main problems for agent libertarianism and how might agent libertarianism respond?
Moral Freedom Day 5: Hard Chronological Determinism Revisited
What are the main problems for HCD?
How might HCD respond to these problems?
God Day 1: Divine Experience
What is God and what is the proper understanding of the features attributed to God?
How might one argue for the existence of God based on experience?
What are some problems with arguing for the existence of God on the basis of experience?
God Day 2: Cosmological Argument Part 1
What is the Kalam cosmological arguments for the existence of God?
What is the Past-Agnostic cosmological arguments for the existence of God?
What problems do these arguments face?
God Day 3: Cosmological Argument Part 2 and Teleological Argument
What is the necessitarian cosmological argument?
What is the design argument for the existence of God and what problems does it face?
What is the fine-tuning argument for the existence of God and what problems does it face?
God Day 4: Ontological Argument
What is Descartes’s version of the ontological argument, what is the rationale for each premise, and what problems does it face?
What is Anselm’s version of the ontological argument, what is the rationale for each premise, and what problems does it face?
What is the Modal version of the ontological argument, what is the rationale for each premise, and what problems does it face?
God Day 5: Cosmo-Ontological Case for the God of Classical Theism
What reasons are there for thinking that there is a self-necessary being serving as the sufficient condition for all of reality?
What reasons are there for thinking that a self-necessary being serving as the sufficient condition for all of reality has the most perfect collection of whatever attributes of perfection there are?
What reasons are there for thinking that a self-necessary being serving as the sufficient condition for all of reality has the attributes commonly ascribed to the God of classical theism?
God Day 6: Problem of Suffering
Why does the existence of suffering seem to serve as evidence against the existence of God?
What are some of the common theodicies and what problems do they face?
What is Pascal’s Wager and what are some problems that it faces?
ethics
Phil 2306:
formal logic
Phil 2303:
metaphysics
Phil 361:
intro to logic
Phil 240:
19th century
Phil 414:
17th century
Phil 412:
moral issues
Phil 111:
engineering
Phil 482:
ethics
medical ethics
Phil 480:
classes
FAQ
These [engravings] are really good things. You have before you the works of very fair talents, who have learned something, and have acquired no little taste and art. Still, something is wanting in all these pictures—the Manly. Take notice of this word, and underscore it. The pictures lack a certain urgent power, which in former ages was generally expressed, but in which the present age is deficient, and that with respect not only to painting, but to all the other arts. We have a more weakly race, of which we cannot say whether it is so by its. origin, or by a more weakly training and diet.—Goethe (Conversations with Eckermann)
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Leslie Marmon Silko and Ceremony Rot
This poem is one sentence stretched across thirty-nine lines, in three stanzas of thirteen lines each. The first two hang on the preposition "under": sips under pain paintings, nods under pain theater. The main verb is withheld until the last stanza, where the exhibit "shows the truth." Until then the reader collects exhibits with no verdict, and the closing movement rules on them all at once. The nested parentheses work like asides from counsel in a cross-examination. The thirteens may be coincidence, but if they are deliberate they nod to the Thirteenth Amendment, which suits a poem about what outlives abolition.
The poem's argument is that the story of oppression has stopped describing power and become a loop that holds Black people down. It grants the history completely, and the hoses, chains, and knees are rendered as real. What it indicts is the present-tense re-staging of that history as a way of life, which, in the poem's logic, works like a red cape in a bullfight: it draws the eye and keeps it from everything else. The title supplies the frame. In Silko's Ceremony, ritual survives only by changing, and ceremony frozen into repetition stops healing and starts to rot. The poem insists the ritual of grievance has crossed that line.
The epigraph, credited to "An Apple commercial, 2026," sets out the poem's economics before the first stanza begins. It borrows the cadence of the oldest serious Black critique of American culture, that the nation loves the voice, the beat, the hair, and the skin without loving the person, and puts it in a brand's voice. The poem's reading is that a corporation can speak this grievance because the category now sells. The closing cascade, "I'm him. He's me. She-us-we are all Black: power!", shows desire for the category flowing outward from the brand to everyone. The epigraph also seeds a pun: the commercial is Apple's, and the first line pours "apple cider" at ten dollars a cup. The fruit of knowledge, the corporate logo, and the artisanal drink collapse into one commodity. A beverage motif runs on through cider, coffee, "cream," and finally "suckled." The imagery is oral and consumptive, and in this poem grievance is something drunk.
The first stanza's craft is in its collisions. In "Jim Crow fire hoses blasting / through twenty-twenties boardrooms and billy clubs," the preposition governs both objects, so corporate space and police violence share a grammatical home. "Dixie sticks" fuses a Confederate emblem with the billy club and gives the violence a candy-shop bounce, as does "brass-button boys in blue." The break in "Black / owned" isolates "owned" at the head of a line and lets slavery's grammar of possession leak into the language of enterprise. The label is "loud like opportunistic storefront signage," which makes it, by the poem's account, the best brand in the room. The added gore, "brains on cement / with gore that would have white artists fired," works as the poem's first evidence for its claim that the category is licensed: this display is permitted because of who is displaying it. The stanza ends on a scripted question with "Amerikkka" in the attendees' mouths, so the exhibit becomes a ritual prompt that supplies its own answer.
The second stanza moves from display to performance, and from sympathy to coercion. "Selfied / for proof of being down or one of the good ones" is its sharpest social observation: the tears are documented, and the documentation is the point. "Kubrick iPhones" brings in a filmmaker's cold, symmetrical gaze, and "ASMRing" turns a media genre into a verb, so protest language becomes whispered, soothing content. The boldest clause says the performance is "commissioned" to justify "victim psyches, equity bureaucracies, too bloated / not to lie." The poem thereby presents the institutions as the exhibit's patrons and its emotional energy as a subsidy. The slam vignette is the poem's showpiece of sound. "Bad-built bozo Becky-ass bitch" is a drumroll of plosive b's that enacts the "djembe salvos" it follows. "Miss Karen" and "Becky" stack two stock figures, which is itself an observation about ceremony: the ritual needs a cast, and the poem charges that the exhibit keeps a scripted white antagonist ready. The pun on "whipped" cream, answered by "coffee Black," is quick and risky, and coffee, a colonial commodity, hooks the scene to the transatlantic trade.
In the third stanza the satire becomes thesis, and it does so inside a parenthesis. "Bracketing off" announces an aside, yet what follows is the argument: "every self-seeking person... wishes they were, or thanks God they are, the skin / color of Disney's good side, HR's good side." This reverses the oldest American drama of the color line. Passing once ran from Black to white, a risky escape toward safety. The poem asserts that the current has flipped: Disney and HR sit on the Black side, the category is the protected and prestigious one, and the self-seeking, if only subconsciously, pray to belong to it. The reader who reaches for a real-world emblem of this logic may think of Rachel Dolezal, whom the poem's reading would treat as a symptom of the reversed current, a canary in the coal mine. The poem itself names no one, and its force is in the aggregate. The break at "the skin / color" links back to the epigraph's "this skin" and answers the advertisement's complaint that the culture loves the skin and not the person. The love is now covetousness, and "thanks God they are" names a gratitude that treats the category as a possession, an echo of "owned." The mirror image is that whiteness is the uncool color, the oppressor's color, carrying a stigma the poem makes visible by what its speakers wish to escape.
Then comes the causal turn. "Hyperstition," "suckled," and "bodacious trauma" frame the narrative of subjugation as self-fulfilling, infantilizing nourishment, and "hobbling ceremony" is the richest phrase, since hobbling is both what a rotted ritual does to its community and a punishment once inflicted on the enslaved. The closing clause names the mechanism: the fraud is one "where whiteness excuses every black failure." The poem holds that whiteness has been cast as the permanent predator so that it can serve as the permanent alibi, a ready-made explanation for any disparity and any difference in outcome. The grammar makes whiteness the excuser, a patron and not an oppressor, which fits Disney and HR as sponsors of the ceremony. The ritual is co-produced, with institutions supplying absolution and the community accepting it. The final image, "the tell-tale heart of black America," swaps the earlier "nagging heart" for Poe. A nagging heart is a persistent conscience, while a tell-tale heart is involuntary evidence of concealed guilt, so the shame becomes a confession the performance cannot suppress.
The orthography carries an argument too. Capitalized "Black" mostly appears inside the exhibit's own speech and signage ("Black owned," "Black body," "coffee Black!"), while the narration is lowercase ("black wrists," "black person," "black failure," "black America"). The capital reads as the exhibit's idiom of dignity, and the lowercase as the poem's refusal of it.
The craft is considerable. The suspended syntax holds across thirty-nine lines without slackening, the enjambments land on charged words, and the registers of commerce, theology, computing, advertising, and social media fuse into one idiom with real wit. The epigraph plants the pun, the pronouns, and the central complaint before the first stanza begins, and the sound-work in the slam passage shows the poem doing, not just describing. The tone, cold, fluent, and amused, is one few satirists sustain this long, and the poem commits to a hard claim without hedging. It is a poem of conviction, built to make its case rather than apologize for it, and its formal discipline is what keeps the conviction from collapsing into rant.
Meta Description
A three-stanza, single-sentence satire, introduced by a corporate-advert epigraph, that stages a gallery-and-performance event as ritualized, commodified grievance. Accepting the history of oppression, it argues that the ongoing loop of the oppression narrative distracts and hobbles, sponsored by institutions that reward the category and by a standing alibi of white blame.
Keywords
Leslie Marmon Silko and Ceremony Rot, Ceremony, ritual decay, commodified trauma, corporate co-optation, advertising epigraph, performative grievance, pain theater, hyperstition, hobbling, reverse passing, alibi and excuse, tell-tale heart, cultural causation, suspended syntax, parenthetical satire, line-break irony, institutional critique, diversity bureaucracy, ventriloquism of collective voice, contemporary political poetry, satire and polemic